My Thoughts on the Tonal's DNA

Read previous letters: 1 2 3

I thought I would never figure out at least the first diagram. I did. But not immediately and not completely.

After SI's article, where he provided a rather transparent hint at understanding the complex topic of the Tonal's DNA, I was greatly inspired and decided to delve into it. It was late, so I went to bed intending to see the solution in a dream, but saw nothing. :( The next day, I armed myself with what was at hand – the "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" and the book "Your Horoscopes," which describes the divination technique from the Chinese Book of Changes, I Ching, provides a table of numbers (8x8 or 64), and interpretations of hexagrams. But first, I decided to read the encyclopedia to refresh my long-forgotten school material on the DNA of living organisms. :) Imagine my surprise when I read that cell DNA is formed from 64 units of genetic code, also called codons. That is, a codon is a unit of genetic information. I liked this word, and from now on, to denote these numbers, instead of the word "hexagram," I will use "codon." :) Next, I tried to understand, from the meager information available, at least approximately how DNA functions, how amino acids are encoded in protein by means of these codons. I understood little, but for completeness, I present some excerpts from the :

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA), a high-polymer natural compound contained in the nuclei of living organisms' cells; together with histone proteins, it forms the substance of chromosomes. DNA is the carrier of genetic information; its individual segments correspond to specific genes. A DNA molecule consists of 2 polynucleotide chains, twisted around each other into a helix. The chains are built from a large number of monomers of 4 types of nucleotides, whose specificity is determined by one of 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine). Combinations of three adjacent nucleotides in the DNA chain (triplets, or codons) constitute the genetic code. Disruptions in the nucleotide sequence in the DNA chain lead to hereditary changes in the organism – mutations. DNA is accurately reproduced during cell division, which ensures the transmission of hereditary traits and specific forms of metabolism across generations of cells and organisms. (See also )

GENETIC CODE, a unified system peculiar to living organisms for "recording" hereditary information in nucleic acid molecules as a sequence of nucleotides. For brevity, each nucleotide is designated by a Russian or Latin capital letter corresponding to the initial letter of its nitrogenous base: A (A) adenine, G (G) guanine, C (C) cytosine, in DNA T (T) thymine, in mRNA U (U) uracil. A sequence of three letters in codons represents the graphic expression of the genetic code. The implementation of the genetic code in the cell occurs in 2 stages. The first (transcription) takes place in the nucleus and consists of the synthesis of messenger, or informational, ribonucleic acid (mRNA) molecules on corresponding DNA segments. In this process, the DNA nucleotide sequence is "transcribed" into an mRNA nucleotide sequence complementary to DNA. The second stage (translation) occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes; in this process, the mRNA nucleotide sequence is translated into an amino acid sequence in the synthesizing protein. 61 out of 64 codons encode specific amino acids, and 3 so-called stop codons determine the termination of polypeptide chain synthesis. The code is called degenerate because several codons can encode the same amino acid, but it is not ambiguous, as the same codon cannot encode 2 different amino acids. The deciphering of the genetic code, i.e., finding the correspondence between codons and amino acids, was carried out by American biochemists M. W. Nirenberg, S. Ochoa, and others in 1961-65.

CODON (triplet), a unit of genetic code; consists of 3 sequential nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. The sequence of a codon in a gene determines the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain of the protein encoded by that gene.

WATSON-CRICK HYPOTHESIS (model), a structural model of DNA (the so-called double helix) proposed in 1953 by J. Watson and F. Crick, which explained how genetic information could be recorded in DNA molecules, and at the same time allowed for assumptions about the chemical mechanisms of self-replication of these molecules. This hypothesis stimulated experimental and theoretical work, leading to the rapid development of molecular biology.

...I will continue. Perhaps this information will help in understanding the functioning of the Tonal's programs shown in SI's diagrams, but it hasn't helped me much. :) However, I was pleased to discover that if you read this table from left to right, top to bottom, you get exactly the sequence of numbers that makes up SI's 1st diagram if read from right to left along the upper loop. I still haven't understood where the numbers in the second loop came from, although I twisted and turned these diagrams and tables every which way, and even used a mirror. :) I found interesting points, but it didn't help me understand the full picture. The 3rd diagram (the one that is the "Spam key") is like a condensed view of the first (and second) diagrams – where all repetitions are excluded, meaning it consists of exactly 64 codons (as we'll now call them). For some reason, in pairs, for example, 1-2, 14-15, 17-18, etc.

Estimating how this could work, I sketched a small drawing here... I won't comment on it. I just amused myself. :) (Editor's note: And indeed, he was just having fun. :))

Questions and Problematic Points

What is the practical applicability of codons? Movement through the labyrinth of events... But how to determine which number corresponds to which event? And since to transition from one codon to another, certain actions must be performed, these actions must clearly be simple enough, not global. This means that codons can also describe minor events – so-called actions. That is, for example, a specific sequence of actions, movements (simple enough) can lead to a clearly defined result. Which result – is encoded by the codons. Slightly disrupt a link in the sequence – and it will lead to a different result. This is what I'm hypothesizing for now...

• What are the possible transitions between codons? I have these options:
  1. Only to adjacent ones
  2. To any, from any to any (unlikely)
  3. By pairs, i.e., 1-2, 5-6, etc. And when a pair ends, where to next? To an adjacent one? Unclear... There's a suggestion to divide the dream map into 64 areas... :)

Read the answer